■ ブレイン・ドレインの規模

・IOMの統計：1960年から75年の間は、27,000人、75－84年は40,000人、90年以降は少なくとも20,000人のアフリカ人が毎年アフリカ大陸から工業国（先進国）に移住している。

The UN Economic Commission for Africa and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimate that 27,000 Africans left the continent for industrialized countries between 1960 and 1975. During the period 1975 to 1984, the figure rose to 40,000. It is estimated that since 1990 at least 20,000 people leave the continent annually.

Mutume G. (2003)　Reversing Africa's 'brain drain' New initiatives tap skills of African expatriates, Africa Recovery, Vol.17 No.2 (July 2003)

・このギャップを埋めるために毎年40億ドルの非アフリカ人専門家（約10万人）を雇うための資金が必要。

・アフリカ全体にいるエンジニアの数よりもアメリカにいるアフリカ人エンジニアの方が多い。最も被害を受けているのは保健分野。ザンビアで教育を受けた医者の75％は海外に移住している。

The phenomenon "is putting a huge strain on the continent," notes IOM Deputy Director-General Ndioro Ndiaye. To fill the gap created by the skills shortage, African countries spend an estimated $4 bn annually to employ about 100,000 non-African expatriates. "It is high time programmes and policies are put in place to reverse the devastating effects of the brain drain," she says.

Experts on the continent are increasingly engaged in strategies and programmes to reverse the brain drain or retain skilled professionals at home. They include restrictive policies aimed at delaying emigration, such as adding extra years to medical students' training. Various tax proposals have been put forward as governments realize that the large numbers of citizens living outside their borders are a potential economic resource. Proposals range from one-time exit taxes to bilateral tax arrangements, which would require the receiving nation to tax citizens of another and remunerate the home country.

More African scientists and engineers are now working in the US than in all of Africa. At the same time, more non-African professionals are working in Africa than in the 1960s. The most damaging emigration affects health care; 75% of the doctors trained in Zambia have emigrated, for example.

South African Institute of International Affaires (2003) The African Diaspora, e-Africa (Electric Journal of Governance and Innovation, September 2003

■ ブレイン・ドレインの問題点

Emeagwali P. (2002) Brain Drain, Education in Africa interview of Emeagwali

Emeagwali P. (2002) Can Africa Leapfrog into the super-information age?, A Keynote Speech at the African Week, Bowling Green State University, OH, Friday April 12, 2002

・ブレイン・ドレインは社会における中間層（医者、エンジニア、その他の専門職）を形成する障害となっている。

・アフリカには二つの大きな層がある。職がなく貧困にあえぐ大多数と少数の豊裕層。それは、軍と政府の役人によって腐敗されている。

Brain drain makes it difficult to create a middle class consisting of doctors, engineers and other professionals. We have a two class African society: a massive underclass that is largely unemployed and very poor people and a few very rich people that are mostly corrupt military and government officials.

・ブレイン・ドレインは貧弱なリーダーシップと腐敗を助長してしまう。

Brain drain gives rise to poor leadership and corruption. A large educated middle class will ensure that political power is transferred by ballots instead of by bullets. When the medical doctors emigrate to the United States, the poor are forced to seek medical treatment from traditional healers while the elite fly to London for their routine medical checkups.

It is the best and brightest that can emigrate, leaving behind the weak and less imaginative. It means a slow death for Africa.

We cannot achieve long-term economic growth by exporting our natural resources. In the new world order, economic growth is driven by people with knowledge. We talk a lot of poverty alleviation in Africa. But who is going to alleviate the poverty? It is most talented that should lead the people, create wealth and eradicate poverty and corruption.

・中間層の絶対的は不足が疫病的な政府の腐敗と軍によるクーデターを助長している。または防ぎきれない要因となっている。

The professionals that are emigrating out of Africa include those with technical expertise, entrepreneurial and managerial skills. Their absence increases the endemic corruption and makes it easier for the military to overthrow a democratically elected government.